Potential role of active vitamin D in retarding the progression of chronic kidney disease.

induced fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta1 production in human mesangial cells is p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent. Diabetes 2000; 49: 655–661 20. Cortes P, Mendez M, Riser BL et al. F-actin fiber distribution in glomerular cells: structural and functional implications. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 2452–2461 21. Burt DJ, Gruden G, Thomas SM et al. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates hexosamine-induced TGFbeta1 mRNA expression in human mesangial cells. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 531–537 22. King GL, Kunisaki M, Nishio Y, Inoguchi T, Shiba T, Xia P. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the development of diabetic vascular complications (Review). Diabetes 1996; 45 [Suppl 3]: S105–8 23. Inoki K, Haneda M, Maeda S, Koya D, Kikkawa R. TGF-beta 1 stimulates glucose uptake by enhancing GLUT1 expression in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1704–1712 24. Heilig CW, Liu Y, England RL et al. D-glucose stimulates mesangial cell Glut1 expression and basal and IGF-I-sensitive glucose uptake in rat mesangial cell. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1030–1039 25. Heilig CW, Concepcion LA, Riser BL, Freytag SO, Zhu M, Cortes P. Overexpression of glucose transporters in rat mesangial cells cultured in a normal glucose milieu mimics the diabetic phenotype. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 1802–1814 26. Heilig CW, Kreisberg JI, Freytag S et al. Antisense GLUT-1 protects mesangial cells from glucose induction of GLUT-1 and fibronectin expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280: F657–F666 27. Chen S, Heilig KO, Brosius FC,III, Heilig CW. Diabetes increases glomerular Glut1, and antisense-Glut1 protects against diabetic glomerulosclerosis (Abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 46A 28. Heilig KO, Chen S, Xiang M, Brosius FC, Heilig CW. Transgenic overexpression of Glut1 in glomeruli produces feature of diabetic nephropathy in mice (Abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 263A 29. Zintzaras E, Stefanidis I. Association between the GLUT1 gene polymorphism and the risk of diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. J Hum Genet 2005; 50: 84–91